From 2005 to 2007, over 125 Florida stakeholders partnered with justice-involved girls, and reached consensus on the fundamental rights of girls, which served as the basis for the recommendations set forth in the 2008 report Justice for Girls: Blueprint for Action. It identified that girls have a fundamental right to fair and equitable treatment, freedom from violence and exploitation, be valued and respected by those who interact with them, be able to trust the system, and a system advocate. This report is a renewed call to action that addresses the unfinished reforms identified in the first review. It details five specific strategies to reform policy and practice, including overhauling conditions of confinement, continuously monitoring data, and mandating training and girl-centered standards through the Florida Departments of Juvenile Justice and Children and Families.

The Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 requires the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) to establish and implement a tribal crime data collection system, consult with Indian tribes to establish and implement this data collection system, and report annually to Congress on the data collected and analyzed in accordance with the act. The act specifies data collection and analysis of crimes committed on federally recognized reservations, in tribal communities, and on identified trust lands, commonly referred to as Indian country. The number of persons held in Indian country jails for a violent offense increased 8%, and the number held for a non-violent offense declined 44% from midyear 2019 to midyear 2020. At midyear 2020, the number of persons held for violent offenses accounted for 42% of all persons held in Indian country jails, well above the 2010–2019 midyear average of about 30% of all persons held for these offenses.. From midyear 2019 to midyear 2020, the number of persons held for aggravated assault increased 29%, the number held for domestic violence declined 6%, and the number held for rape or o sexual assault and other violent offenses did not change. . Since 2009, the Bureau of Justice Statistics has focused on improving tribal participation in national record and information systems through expanding tribal eligibility for funding. From Fiscal Year 2016 to 2021, the bureau awarded six grants totaling about $1.6 million to tribes to improve and automate criminal history records and databases.

This report presents statistics on deaths that occur during federal arrest, detention, and incarceration in the United States. Federal law enforcement agencies reported 65 arrest-related deaths and 614 deaths in custody in Fiscal Year 2020. The majority of persons who died in custody were male (95%), 67% were White, 26% were Black, and 59% were age 55 or older. Additionally, the most commonly reported serious offenses for persons who died in custody in were drug violations (31%), followed by sex offenses (20%) and weapons violations (15%).

This report uses data from the 2019 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey to show the relationship between bullying victimization and other variables of interest such as the reported presence of gangs, guns, drugs, alcohol, and hate-related graffiti at school; select security measures; student criminal victimization; and personal fear, avoidance behaviors, fighting, and weapon-carrying at school. The report presents data for (1) the number and percentage of students who reported being bullied at school, by type of bullying experienced and by students and school characteristics; (2) student-reported experiences of being bullied including location, repetition, power imbalance, type of bullying, and impacts of bullying victimization for students, by selected student and school characteristics; and (3) the percentage of students who reported being bullied at school, by student reports of factors such as unfavorable school conditions and selected school security measures. The report indicates that for the 2018-2019 school year, 22% of students reported being bullied. The most frequently reported type of bullying reported was spreading rumors. The report also indicates that 26% of students who reported being bullied at school were female, while 19% were male.

Broadly defined, alternative schools are public schools designed to address the needs of students that cannot be met in traditional or mainstream schools. Although originally introduced to serve successful students wanting to enroll in innovative and non-traditional approaches as well as students unsuccessful in mainstream schools, the focus of the alternative sector has shifted decidedly to the latter. Alternative schools have often been excluded from education policies and research. Yet they are a relatively common education intervention for students deemed unsuccessful in their traditional schools. Increasingly, the limited accountability oversight of the alternative school sector has led to allegations of students being pushed out of mainstream schools to alternative schools to avoid accountability. As states establish accountability measures more appropriate for highly mobile students in alternative schools, the authors wished to understand the students affected by these schools. To a large extent, understanding the students who attend alternative schools equates to understanding the students who are missing from traditional schools and thus current school accountability systems. In this analysis of national data, the authors show that alternative schools serve disproportionately high numbers of Black and Hispanic students, special education students, English learners, and male students, making those enrolled in alternative schools a particularly important population of students to consider in the pursuit of educational equity, but these students are commonly excluded from broader educational policies and research. To help address these challenges, some states are experimenting with modified measures of effectiveness to track alternative school performance. For example, some states have moved toward computing a graduation rate for 12th-graders only and/or emphasizing other measures of academic achievement for alternative schools, such as course completion.

In March of 2020, the United States was hit with a global pandemic caused by the coronavirus. The coronavirus pandemic ushered in quarantines, mask mandates, product shortages, business closures, and businesses scrambling to figure out new ways to keep their doors open. The economic impact of this can be seen in the U.S. Census Bureau’s economic surveys, which captured the initial shock of the coronavirus pandemic, as well as economic trends since the national emergency was declared on March 13, 2020. The data show a dip in estimated sales, revenue, and value of shipments in 2020 followed by a recovery through the fourth quarter of 2021. As a result of the pandemic, some plants within the manufacturing sector stopped production throughout the year. Manufacturing plants were faced with new safety protocols, falling demand, supply shortages, and reduced worker availability. The average number of days closed varied by subsector. Among all subsectors in the manufacturing sector, the apparel manufacturing subsector had an average number of days closed of 38.2 days. The leather and allied product manufacturing subsector had an average number of days closed of 22.6 days. Total state and local tax collections during the second quarter of 2020 were 19% lower than in the same quarter of 2019 because of the pandemic-related shut downs and loss of income, but also because of the shift in the income tax deadline. By the second quarter of 2021, state and local tax revenue collections rebounded by 46%, aided in part by stimulus funding provided by the federal Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act to assist individuals and businesses.

This paper introduces a new measure of the labor markets served by colleges and universities across the United States. About 50% of recent college graduates are living and working in the metro area nearest the institution they attended, with this figure climbing to 67% for in-state graduates. The geographic dispersion of alumni is more than twice as great for highly selective 4-year institutions as for 2-year institutions. However, more than one-quarter of 2-year institutions disperse alumni more diversely than the average public 4-year institution. In one application of these data, the authors find that the average strength of the labor market to which a college sends its graduates predicts college-specific intergenerational economic mobility. In a second application, the authors quantify the extent of brain drain across areas and illustrate the importance of considering migration patterns of college graduates when estimating the social return on public investment in higher education.

Disaster management professionals, media, and the public often speculate why disasters and their consequences frequently repeat themselves. Despite best intentions to disrupt the status quo and advance public policy to learn from mistakes, momentum is lost, there is insufficient coordination, or efforts to improve disaster preparedness may not be sufficiently incentivized (and there are no consequences associated with upholding the status quo). As a result, a stalemate occurs which brings divided stakeholders to conflict, delay, and indecision and often leads to deadlock, inadequate and ineffective policies, or no policies at all. Stalemates frequently obstruct disaster risk management related initiatives, including related to risk financing. They can arise from misaligned stakeholder objectives and a cognitive effort to avoid decision-making under uncertainty. Participatory action research techniques can be useful for overcoming stalemates but have not been examined in the context of disaster risk management. To fill this gap, the authors explored how participatory techniques could overcome one disaster risk financing related stalemate: the case of landslide insurance in a highly landslide-prone location, Sitka, Alaska. Landslide insurance in Sitka is a classic stalemate, as diverse stakeholders see the value of offering a landslide insurance policy, but their respective concerns and information gaps stymie their ability to feel confident in decision-making making landslide insurance generally unavailable. Utilizing a series of inclusive interviews and workshops as their participatory techniques, respondents describe how the workshop engendered confidence in the prospect of landslide insurance, specifically by brokering new relationships and serving as a catalyst for new public-private partnerships while effectively reframing the landslide risk financing conundrum. However, they also note that a new market for landslide insurance requires sufficient state or federal funding support, improved probabilistic landslide models, and sustained consumer demand. This suggests that participatory techniques can play an enabling role in overcoming stalemates, but only if certain conditions are in place. These findings may have relevance to policymakers facing stalemate-related obstacles in disaster risk management.

In 2019, approximately 10.5 million children, or about one out of every seven children, in the United States lived in families that were experiencing poverty. Considerable research evidence links childhood experiences of poverty to harmful effects on physical and mental health, social and behavioral functioning, and cognitive, academic, and educational outcomes. Yet little is known about how children and their parents view their daily experiences of living in poverty and their interactions with social safety net programs, or how they perceive wealth, poverty, and economic inequality. This review seeks to understand how children, adolescents, and parents perceive and experience poverty through a better understanding of the experiences of families who receive social safety net services and those who may be eligible for services but do not receive them. The report found that parents valued and recognized the important role that public assistance benefits played in easing their family’s experiences of material hardship, whereas children’s and adolescents’ understanding of the benefits the family received was limited, except for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits. The children, more so than adolescents, said that economic inequality is unfair. Both children and adolescents mentioned that wealthier families and the government should help those who are less well-off.

The spread of illegally manufactured opioids, including fentanyl, has brought unprecedented levels of drug overdose deaths in North America. In some markets, illegally manufactured fentanyl (IMF) is essentially displacing heroin, not just being used to adulterate it. It is not possible at this time to provide an accurate point estimate of the amount of IMF consumed in the United States. Yet for various purposes (e.g. assessing changes in production levels and the appropriate role for various supply reduction efforts), it is important to have a sense of scale. This article provides guidance through two thought experiments that provide a hypothetical upper bound on U.S. consumption. The first considers a scenario in which IMF replaces heroin in all illegal opioid markets. The second starts with the number of individuals with an opioid use disorder and considers what total consumption would be if IMF was the only opioid they consumed. Both calculations suggest it is unlikely that the annual consumption of IMF in 2021 could have been more than single digit pure metric tons. For comparison, the most recent best estimates of the amount of cocaine and heroin consumed in the U.S. are 145 and 47 pure metric tons, respectively. The article also raises questions about the limitations of using traditional equianalgesic morphine equivalent dose conversions to estimate the total market consumption of IMF.