An estimated 5.4 million persons were under the supervision of adult correctional systems in the United States at year-end 2022, and 3,668,800 of those were under community supervision (probation or parole). This was a 1.0% decline from the 3,705,500 who were supervised in the community on January 1, 2022. This decline is due to a decrease in the number of persons on parole, who made up 19% of the community supervision population. The number of persons on parole fell from 745,300 to 698,800 (down 6.2%) during 2022. The probation population remained relatively stable during 2022, with a 0.3% increase from 2,981,500 to 2,990,900. The probation population stayed under 3 million for the second year in a row in 2022. Entries to probation increased 10.7%, from 1,419,300 in 2021 to 1,571,500 in 2022. The parole population decreased in 36 states (including Florida) and the District of Columbia during 2022.

The rate of persons under supervision of adult correctional systems was 2,060 per 100,000 adult U.S. residents at year-end 2022, the fifteenth year of decline since the high of 3,210 per 100,000 under supervision in 2007. At year-end 2022, more than two-thirds of persons under correctional supervision were supervised in the community on probation or parole (3,668,800), while almost one-third (1,827,600) were incarcerated in state or federal prisons or local jails. The incarceration rate (700 per 100,000 adult U.S. residents in 2022, up from 680 per 100,000 in 2021) increased for the second consecutive year, but it remained below the pre-pandemic rate (810 per 100,000 in 2019). The incarcerated population increased 3% due to a 4% increase in the number of persons held in local jails and a 2% increase in persons held in prisons.

The 1996 federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) imposed a lifetime ban on federal food assistance benefits (SNAP) and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) for anyone with a drug felony conviction obtained after passage of the act. As of December 2023, 25 states and the District of Columbia have opted out of the ban. Another four states – Florida, Iowa, Maryland, and Utah—have opted out of the ban on SNAP but have modified the ban on TANF to impose conditions, such as excluding drug trafficking offenses. Fourteen states have modified bans for receiving both SNAP and TANF benefits. An additional six states—Arizona, Georgia, Missouri, Nebraska, Texas, and West Virginia—have modified the ban on SNAP but maintain the complete federal ban on TANF benefits. South Carolina is the only state in the Nation that has declined to opt out of or modify either benefits ban.

Mandated by the U.S. Congress, this annual report from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) compiles a set of indicators of the condition of education in the United States at all levels, from prekindergarten through postsecondary, as well as labor force outcomes and international comparisons. In 2022, overall school enrollment of young children, as well as public elementary and secondary school enrollment, increased from the prior year but remained lower than before the coronavirus pandemic. Between 2012 and 2019, the overall school enrollment rate of 3- to 5-year-olds fluctuated between 59% and 61%, before falling to 53% in 2021—the data year which largely overlaps with the first full school year of the coronavirus pandemic. In 2022, the rate had rebounded to 59% but was still lower than in 2019 (61%). Between fall 2012 and fall 2019, total public elementary and secondary school enrollment increased by 2% (from 49.8 million to 50.8 million students). Total enrollment dropped by 3% to 49.4 million students in fall 2020. Total enrollment remained at around 49.4 million students in fall 2021 before rising 0.4% to 49.6 million students in fall 2022. At the elementary and secondary level in the United States, some measures of student outcomes have improved over time, whereas others have not. The average adjusted cohort graduation rate for public high school students increased overall from 80% in school year 2011–12 to 87% in 2021–22. The overall status dropout rate (i.e., the percentage of 16- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled in school and have not earned a high school credential) decreased from 7.0% in 2012 to 5.3% in 2022. According to results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) long-term trend 2022–23 assessments, the average scores for 13-year-olds declined 4 points in reading and 9 points in mathematics compared with 2019–20. Compared with 2011–12, the average scores declined 7 points in reading and 14 points in mathematics. In the 2022 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), out of 81 participating education systems, 5 had higher average reading literacy scores for 15-year-olds than the United States, 25 had higher mathematics literacy scores, and 9 had higher science literacy scores.

The first charter school was approved in 1991. Since then, the charter sector has grown considerably and now operates in 45 states, educating 3.7 million students, or 7% of all K-12 students in the United States. This article summarizes 40 studies that have used lottery research designs to analyze how charter schools affect student outcomes. Most studies show that charter school attendance improves student academic achievement and boosts enrollment in a four-year college. But the evidence is mixed on gains elsewhere, including longer-term outcomes like college completion and earnings. Charter school practices vary substantially, with urban high expectations, high support schools generating the strongest improvement in student academic performance. Low-income, non-white students with lower baseline academic achievement tend to benefit the most from charter attendance. Suburban and rural charter schools are less likely to improve performance than those in cities.

Almost one in 10 young adults ages 18-34 and nearly three in 10 adults 65 or older lived alone in 2022. The most common living arrangement among 18- to 24-year-olds in 2022 was living in a parent’s home. More than half of adult men and women in that age group lived in a parental home. In this survey, young adults living in college dorms are counted as living in their parents’ home. Among 25- to 34-year-olds, a larger share of women (43%) than men (34%) lived with a spouse and about 17% of young adult men and women in that age group lived with an unmarried partner. Among older adults, about 27% of women ages 65 to 74 and 43% of those age 75 or older lived alone. In the age 75 and older group, men (67%) were nearly twice as likely as women (35%) to live with a spouse, a reflection of the longer life expectancy of women. In 1960, 52% of 18- to 24-year-old men were living in their parents’ home, compared to 35% of women in that age range. By 2022, however, those percentages had increased to 57% and 55%, respectively. The large increase in the share of women living with their parents is at least partially attributable to the increase in women enrolled in college and marrying later. A lower percentage of men and women ages 25 to 34 lived in their parents’ home although, as was the case with younger adults, the rates grew from 1960 to 2022. In 1960, just 11% of men and 7% of women in that age group lived with their parents. By 2022, 19% of men and 12% of women were living in their parents’ home.

Losing a parent is often a deeply emotional and difficult experience. For some, the loss may come unexpectedly; for others, there may be time to prepare. Regardless of the circumstance, the process of grieving, healing, and recovering can take a lifetime. The Survey of Income and Program Participation is a unique source of data for statistics on parental mortality. Respondents not living with their biological mother or father are asked directly if their parents are alive. If their parents are not alive, respondents are asked how old they were when their parent(s) passed away. These data can be used to generate nationwide estimates for the percentage of people who have lost their mother or father and how these estimates vary by characteristics such as age and race/ethnicity. A higher percentage of people lost their father at every age group between 0–4 and 40–44 as compared with the percentage of people who lost their mother in those age groups. Age group 45–49 represented a pivot point where there was no statistical difference between the percentage of people who lost their father (10.7%) and mother (10.3%) in those ages. After this point, however, the trend reversed; for every age group from 50–54 and higher, the percentage of people who had lost their mother was higher than the percentage of people who had lost their father. These findings make sense considering mortality rates and life expectancies for men and women; since men have higher age-adjusted mortality rates and shorter life expectancies than women, when people lose their fathers, it tends to be earlier in life. When people lose their mothers, it tends to be later in life. Additionally, across many comparisons, Black and Hispanic individuals tended to lose their parents earlier in life than non-Hispanic White and Asian individuals. Nevertheless, there were variations in these patterns by age of the individual and sex of the parent.

In 2022, the City of Denver, Colorado launched the Housing to Health Pay for Success project. The project provides supportive housing to people experiencing chronic homelessness and high rates of arrest and who are at high risk for avoidable and high-cost health services paid for through Medicaid. This early implementation brief provides an overview of the first 18 months of implementation, from July 2022 to December 2023, during which the project focused on outreach and enrolling eligible participants into permanent supportive housing. Findings from early project implementation reveal the project has built the foundations required for future results, including strong outreach, quality supportive housing and services, intentional navigation of the criminal legal and health care systems, and promising housing retention. After participants enter housing and engage in services, housing retention is critical to successful outcomes in supportive housing. Housing retention may be challenging for several reasons, particularly for participants who have ongoing criminal legal system interactions that can result in jail stays long enough to interrupt voucher eligibility. Additionally, unmet behavioral health needs can lead to lease violations related to, for example, guest policies, illegal activity on the premises, failure to pay rent, and property damage. Despite these challenges, most participants successfully retained their housing without any exits. Among all participants who could have been in housing for at least six months, 80% had no exits in the first six months of housing. Among the 20% of participants who did exit within their first six months of being housed, most of the exits were unplanned. Almost half of the exits were because the participant was not in their apartment for more than 120 days (maximum time away allowed by voucher eligibility rules) and the provider could not locate the participant. Another quarter of exits were due to incarceration for 120 or more days.

Sustained delivery of evidence-based treatments is essential to addressing the public health impacts of youth mental health problems, but is complicated by the limited and fragmented funding available to youth mental health service agencies. Supports are needed that can guide service agencies in accessing sustainable funding for evidence-based treatments. Researchers conducted a pilot evaluation of the Fiscal Mapping Process, an Excel-based strategic planning tool that helps service agency leaders identify and coordinate financing strategies for their evidence-based treatment programs. Pilot testing of the Fiscal Mapping Process was completed with 10 youth mental health service agencies over a 12-month period, using trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy or parent–child interaction therapy programs. Service agency representatives received initial training and monthly coaching in using the tool. Key evaluation findings related to the process and outcomes of using the Fiscal Mapping Process, as well as contextual influences. Process evaluation findings helped clarify the primary use case for the tool and identified the importance—and challenges—of engaging external collaborators. Outcome evaluation findings documented the impacts of the Fiscal Mapping Process on agency-reported sustainment capacities (strategic planning, funding stability), which fully explained reported improvements in outcomes (extent and likelihood)—although these impacts were incremental. Findings on contextual factors documented the influence of environmental and organizational capacities on engagement with the tool and concerns about equitable impacts, but also the view that the process could usefully generalize to other evidence-based treatments.

States have become laboratories for testing policy and programmatic ideas to address the high costs of healthcare and keep spending under control. A new report released by an expert working group offers a decision–making framework to guide them as they consider optimal approaches tailored to their needs. Although state health systems differ considerably, the working group extracted several core elements relevant to all states: the need to build multi stakeholder coalitions, improve data systems and transparency, and respect the equity imperative. As of 2020, at least 14 states, including Florida, required some level of hospital financial data reporting. . The data reporting varied widely from state to state, with some states gathering detailed data to inform state health system cost containment policies and others geared solely toward public transparency. As of June 2022, 18 states including Florida operate an all-payer claims database. Each of the approaches described here requires significant state investment and the pairing of policy options with further action to promote competition and tackle the drivers of price and spending growth. State policymakers will balance their goals for addressing high and rising health costs with the state’s existing and needed assets and capacity to determine how to design a supportive infrastructure. As laboratories for policy, state policymakers design strategies for their unique circumstances that are influenced by political and other considerations. Some states may invest more heavily in infrastructure as presented here, while others may advance policy proposals to leverage existing supportive structures or to work across existing agencies. Regardless of the policy decisions they make, states are leading efforts across the country to tackle the challenge of increasing health care costs facing residents, businesses, and state budgets.

Since the start of the federal Affordable Care Act (ACA), the number of adults ages 50 to 64 in Florida with health insurance has increased from 2,875,527 in 2012 (out of 3,694,449) to 3,996,145 in 2022 (out of 4,522,266). Meanwhile, the share of adult’s ages 50 to 64 in Florida without health insurance (the uninsured rate) has fallen significantly, dropping from 22.2% in 2012 to 11.6% by 2022. This decline marks a 48% drop in the uninsured rate for adults in this age group between 2012 and 2022. Totaling 4,096,559 people, the majority (97%) of enrollees of all ages in Florida pay reduced or no health insurance premiums due to availability of federal premium tax credits. In 2024, 21% percent of Florida enrollees are between the ages of 55 and 64—totaling 865,894 people.