This report is part of a series that began in 1996 and examines the nature and frequency of contact with police reported by U.S. residents, including demographic characteristics, types of contact, and perceptions of police misconduct, threats of force, or use of nonfatal force. About 19% (49.2 million) of U.S. residents age 16 or older had contact with police in 2022. A smaller percentage of persons had contact with police in 2022 (19%) than in 2020 (21%). In 2022, males (8%) were more likely than females (7%) to experience police-initiated contact, while females (12%) were more likely than males (11%) to initiate contact with police. Among U.S. residents who initiated their most recent contact with police, almost half (46%) did so to report a possible crime. Black persons (6%) were more likely to experience the threat or use of force than White (2%) Hispanic persons (2%) or persons of another race (1%) during their most recent police-initiated or traffic accident contact in 2022. The share of persons who reported experiencing police misconduct during their most recent contact was not statistically different between 2020 and 2022 (1% in each year). In 2022, the majority (78%) of persons whose most recent contact was a street stop experienced no enforcement action.

Research shows that young adults between 18 and 25 years of age are in a distinct developmental stage that shares many of the same characteristics as younger adolescents. These common behavioral traits carry enormous consequences. Because of their malleability, most young people will grow out of lawbreaking behavior if allowed to do so. In Manhattan, court officials made efforts to make the court process more developmentally appropriate and effective for young people. Specifically, the Manhattan Felony Alternative to Incarceration (ATI) Court, a dedicated court part of the New York County Supreme Court, Criminal Term, has established an alternative to traditional felony case processing. The ATI Court works to connect defendants who are ineligible for existing problem-solving courts with programming in the community instead of incarceration. The Manhattan Felony ATI Court and stakeholders sought guidance and support from the Emerging Adult Justice Project (EAJP) at the Columbia Justice Lab to consider how best to design and launch a specialized programming track for emerging adults. Key findings of promising principles and practices include but are not limited to, focusing on developmental milestones, partnering with community organizations that focus on young adults, empowering young adults to make choices, and providing developmentally appropriate and timely responses, such as feedback and positive incentives.

From July 2019 to May 2021, the Columbia Justice Lab developed and conducted a longitudinal interview study of nearly 300 people facing new criminal charges in New York City. The Rikers Island Longitudinal Study aimed to understand how defendants’ experiences in the pretrial process affected and were affected by their social and economic life conditions. After first interviewing people at court or in jail soon after their initial arraignments, the study re-interviewed them 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months later. The sample of criminal defendants faced severe housing insecurity. In the month before being arrested, about one-third of the sample had spent most nights in unstable housing. Unstable housing was strongly associated with mental health and substance use issues. Of the respondents who reported that they were employed at all four interview waves, only 41 percent reported working the same job across the entire study. Emerging adults (ages 18 to 25), who are incarcerated at more than double the rate of the adult population as a whole, faced particular health vulnerabilities. Ninety-five percent of respondents reported that court involvement disrupted their lives. One sixth of respondents reported losing housing due to their criminal case.

This report presents data on the early childhood care and education arrangements for children in the United States from birth through age 5 who were not yet enrolled in kindergarten by 2023. The report also presents data on selected family activities. The data for this report come from the Early Childhood Program Participation (ECPP) Survey, administered as part of the 2023 National Household Education Surveys Program. This report found that approximately 55% of children age 5 and under and not enrolled in kindergarten were in at least one weekly non-parental care arrangement, as reported by their parents. Other key findings include parents of 57% of children with at least one weekly non-parental care arrangement considered that the care arrangement where the child spends the most time covers the hours needed for work very well, the average length of time that children had been in their primary care arrangement was shorter for children in center-based care (14 months) than for those in relative care (19 months) or nonrelative care (17 months), and among children whose parents searched for care, nearly three-quarters (72%) reported that they had at least a little difficulty finding care, and 11% said that they did not find the child care program they wanted. Seventeen percent said that they had no difficulty finding care.

This third annual Survey of Campus Chief Technology/Information Officers, included 82 chief technology and information officers, mostly from public and private nonprofit institutions. The response rate was 5%. Nearly two years after generative artificial intelligence (AI) exploded into the public consciousness, just 9% of chief technology officers believe higher education is prepared to handle the new technology’s rise. About two out of three chief technology officers (CTO) said the digital transformation of their institution is essential (23%) or a high priority (39%). Most are concerned about AI’s growing impact on higher education, with 60% worried to some degree about the risk generative AI poses to academic integrity, specifically. Despite ongoing worry from administrators and educators that AI will increase cheating, 46% percent of CTOs are either extremely or very enthusiastic about AI’s potential to boost their institution’s capabilities. the most popular applications of AI after chatbots included enhancements of cybersecurity (35%), predictive analytics for student performance and trends (27%), research and data analysis (24%), and learning management systems (20%). Only 3% of institutions use AI for facilities management or creating personalized learning pathways; 11% use it for institutional planning and decision-making, student engagement, and fundraising; 17% use it for admissions and administration processes (such as scheduling and resource allocation); 14% use it for student advising and support; and 12% use it for grading and assessment. Some 18% of CTOs said their institution does not use AI for any of those purposes.

This report presents national and state-by-state findings on the postsecondary enrollment and completion outcomes of high school students who began taking dual enrollment college courses in fall 2015, tracked up to four years after high school. The authors describe the size and significance of the dual enrollment population for postsecondary institutions and states and compare postsecondary outcomes among dual enrollees to outcomes of other recent high school graduates entering higher education without prior dual enrollment experience. High school dual enrollment is widespread and growing across states; it is especially prevalent at community colleges. Dual enrollment students have strong postsecondary outcomes after high school, specifically in Florida. Low-income, Black, and Hispanic students are underrepresented in dual enrollment and have lower average award completion rates than dual enrollment students overall. However, low-income, Black, and Hispanic dual enrollees’ award completion rates are stronger than that of non-dual enrollees. High school students who take dual enrollment courses at a four-year institution do particularly well in college but are not as diverse as other dual enrollment students in terms of race/ethnicity and neighborhood income. For community colleges, former dual enrollment students are a strong source of post-high-school enrollments. The analyses in this report reveal substantial state-by-state differences in dual enrollment student outcomes. The authors argue that institutions and states should work to broaden the benefits of dual enrollment, particularly for low-income, Black, Hispanic, and other groups underrepresented in dual enrollment. Institutions and states should expand access to dual enrollment and help students who participate in the program to complete college in a timely fashion.

Florida statute requires the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability (OPPAGA) and the Office of Economic and Demographic Research (EDR) to provide a detailed analysis of state economic development programs according to a recurring schedule. OPPAGA must evaluate each program for effectiveness and value to the state’s taxpayers over the previous three years and include recommendations for consideration by the Legislature; EDR must evaluate and determine the economic benefits, as defined in s section 288.005(3), Florida Statutes, of each program over the same period. Six incentives administered by four entities were scheduled for review in this cycle: (1) Tax exemption for semiconductor, defense, or space technology sales; (2) Military Base Protection Program; (3) Veterans Employment and Training Services Program; (4) Quick Response Training Program; (5) Incumbent Worker Training Program; and (6) International Trade and Development Programs. The review period covers Fiscal Years 2020-21 through 2022-23. The incentives and services offered through the programs under review provided a range of benefits to businesses and employees in Florida. These benefits included sales tax exemptions, support for military communities, veteran employment assistance, employee training grant programs, and international promotion and marketing for Florida goods and services. Several issues could be addressed to improve performance measures and standards for Veterans Florida and FloridaCommerce’s international trade and economic development programs. Agency actions would be necessary to implement these improvements. In addition, the Military Base Protection Program is underutilized because other state programs fulfill the program’s functions. The Legislature could consider eliminating the program, or FloridaCommerce could make administrative improvements if the Legislature continues the program.

Multiple jobholders make up a small but significant portion of the labor force. In 2013, the national rate of multiple jobholding was 8.3%. Previous research has shown that this rate fluctuates considerably by region and state, with 22 states higher than the national average. Reasons why workers choose to hold multiple jobs vary. For some, holding more than one job may help make ends meet or provide financial benefits. Others may work multiple jobs due to an inability to work full-time or competing schedule demands. In 2019, the multiple jobholding rate was 9.7%. The rate of jobholding was higher for women (10.5%). Among multiple jobholders, less than one-half (47%) were married, and 45.2% had at least a bachelor’s degree. Compared with single jobholders, multiple jobholders were less likely to be Asian and more likely to be some other race and less likely to be Hispanic or Latino. The majority of multiple jobholding men worked a daytime schedule at their main job and some other schedule at their second job. Among multiple jobholding women, the majority worked daytime schedules at both the main job and second job. About one-half of multiple jobholders held their simultaneous jobs all year, with around 1 in 5 holding two jobs for 3 months or less. Educational services, health care, and social assistance were the largest industries for both men and women multiple jobholders.

Nonprofit organizations are crucial to the fabric of U.S. society, offering programs and services that meet basic needs, improve quality of life, and strengthen democracy—and government funding makes up almost one-third of their revenue. Understanding trends in government grants and contracts—the second largest source of funding for nonprofits, behind private fee-for-service revenue — helps nonprofit leaders and their stakeholders understand the critical role public funding plays in nonprofit operations. When the availability of public funding for nonprofits decreases, the communities nonprofits serve feel the effects. This brief details the experiences of a nationally representative group of nonprofit organizations classified as 501(c)(3) public charities in the U.S. Government funding is a crucial source of revenue for nonprofits. In 2022, 68% of nonprofits received government grants or contracts and 29% of nonprofits’ revenue came from government agencies. However, the percentage of nonprofits receiving federal grants decreased in 2022. In addition, while 63% of nonprofits discussed obtaining government grants and contracts with government officials in 2022–2023, fewer (up to 54%) actually sought or applied for this funding. The largest nonprofits were more likely than the smallest ones to discuss (76% versus 49%), seek (85% versus 60%), and receive government funding (84% versus 53%) in recent years. They also relied on government agencies for a larger percentage of their revenue than smaller nonprofits (46% versus 17%). Nonprofits that receive government funding were more likely than those that do not to participate in advocacy (60% versus 42%), public education (78%versus 63%), and voter engagement (23% versus 9%) in 2022–2023.

This data visualization presents provisional counts for drug overdose deaths based on a current flow of mortality data in the National Vital Statistics System. The provisional data presented in this visualization include: (a) the reported and predicted provisional counts of deaths due to drug overdose occurring nationally and in each jurisdiction; (b) a U.S. map of the percentage changes in provisional drug overdose deaths for the current 12 month-ending period compared with the 12-month period ending in the same month of the previous year, by jurisdiction; and (c) the reported and predicted provisional counts of drug overdose deaths involving specific drugs or drug classes occurring nationally and in selected jurisdictions. The reported and predicted provisional counts represent the numbers of deaths due to drug overdose occurring in the 12-month periods ending in the month indicated. These counts include all seasons of the year and are insensitive to variations by seasonality. Deaths are reported by the jurisdiction in which the death occurred.

Elder mistreatment—which includes physical, psychological, and sexual abuse; fraud and financial exploitation; and neglect of older individuals—is a serious public health issue and a growing area of concern as the percentage of the U.S. population age 60 and older continues to rise. Medical, financial, legal, and social service providers who come into contact with older adults can be well positioned to identify persons at risk for or experiencing elder mistreatment and connect them with service providers to address their needs. However, these service providers require tools and training to identify elder mistreatment. Once victims or at-risk individuals are identified, there are also challenges with how best to intervene and provide victims with effective support and services. To explore these challenges and potential solutions, RAND and RTI International convened an expert panel in 2023 to identify knowledge and resource gaps and explore strategies to improve the identification of and responses to elder mistreatment. The workshop participants identified the highest-priority needs in this area, including research to support evidence-based, holistic, and culturally appropriate approaches, while also supporting the widespread adoption of effective programs to reach the greatest number of older adults who have been victimized. Key findings included: there is a lack of evidence-based interventions to respond to and support older adults who are at risk of or experiencing different types of mistreatments, there is insufficient evidence about the impacts of the full variety of programs (Adult Protective Services, law enforcement, social services, home and community-based services, etc.) on elder mistreatment outcomes, victims of elder mistreatment sometimes lack holistic support and do not receive necessary services, limited research exists on how elder mistreatment is experienced and understood by different cultural groups, and cultural differences are not understood or integrated into developing policies and practices, and there are adoption and implementation challenges for prevention, detection, and intervention strategies.

Mental and substance use disorders are significant public health concerns that affect the lives of millions of individuals. In 2021, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimated that, in the past year, 57.8 million adults aged 18 or older in U.S. households experienced mental illness, and 44.0 million adults had a substance use disorder. The Mental and Substance Use Disorders Prevalence Study (MDPS) is a pilot program designed to estimate the prevalence rates of specific mental and substance use disorders among U.S. adults aged 18 to 65. The MDPS is also designed to estimate the percentage of adults with these specific mental and substance use disorders who receive treatment. The MDPS expands upon prior studies that estimate the prevalence rates of specific mental and substance use disorders. The study found that one in four adults in the U.S. had a mental health disorder. In addition, the study found that major depressive disorder was the most common mental disorder with 31.5 million adults between ages 18 and 65 years old reporting having this disorder. Of the adults with major depressive disorder, the majority were female.